L’abuso alcolico è un problema che ha rilevanti implicazioni cliniche, sociali, economiche e amministrative. La diagnosi specifica e sensibile delle diverse forme di abuso alcolico acuto e cronico costituisce elemento essenziale per poter affrontare correttamente questo problema. Recentemente, il rilievo di metaboliti minori dell’alcol, l’etil glucuronide (EtG) e l’etil solfato (EtS), in matrici biologiche tradizionali (sangue e derivati, urina) o meno convenzionali (capello, meconio) è stato prospettato come un approccio potenzialmente efficace ed efficiente alla diagnosi di abuso alcolico sia per finalità forensi, sia per finalità cliniche ed epidemiologiche. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di (a) sviluppare e sottoporre a validazione completa metodi analitici per la determinazione di questi metaboliti mediante cromatografia liquida abbinata alla spettrometria di massa tandem (LC-MS/MS) in diversi campioni biologici (urina, sangue/siero, capello - limitatamente all’EtG - e meconio) e (b) applicare questi metodi analitici in diversi contesti diagnostici e, in particolare: 1) studio della cinetica di eliminazione nel sangue, nonché del rapporto sangue/siero dell’EtG e dell’EtS in soggetti alcolisti all’inizio della terapia riabilitativa (studio condotto in collaborazione con il National Insitute of Public Health Norvegese); 2) studio della stabilità dell’EtG e dell’EtS in campioni cadaverici a distanza di diversi anni dall’inumazione; 3) valutazione delle potenzialità dell’EtG nel capello (HEtG) quale marker di abuso alcolico cronico, anche in rapporto ad altri indicatori correntemente utilizzati nella routine (CDT); 4) applicazione della determinazione di EtG e di EtS nel meconio quali indicatori di esposizione intrauterina all’alcol. I risultati ottenuti nelle sperimentazioni condotte negli ambiti appena descritti hanno dimostrato, in alcuni casi per la prima volta, ovvero confermato, il notevole potenziale dell’EtG e dell’EtS quali indicatori specifici e sensibili di abuso alcolico. Inoltre, hanno permesso di accertare che: l’eliminazione di EtG e EtS in soggetti abusatori di alcool è sovrapponibile a quella osservata in bevitori moderati (con l’importante eccezione di soggetti con patologie renali nei quali metabolismo dell’alcol e conseguente eliminazione dei suoi metaboliti dall’organismo appaiono rallentati); l’EtG e l’EtS si distribuiscono preferenzialmente nel siero rispetto alla frazione corpuscolata del sangue, con potenziali implicazioni sull’interpretazione dei risultati qualora l’analisi sia eseguita su siero/plasma piuttosto che su sangue intero; l’EtG e l’EtS sono rilevabili in campioni biologici prelevati da cadaveri esumati anche a distanza di molti anni dal decesso; l’impiego di un metodo analitico specifico, sensibile (LLOQ di 3 pg/mg) e sottoposto a validazione completa conferisce all’HEtG elevata sensibilità e specificità diagnostica; l’HEtG appare correlato qualitativamente con altri marker (es. il cocaetilene nei capelli di abusatori di cocaina; la CDT) pur manifestando, rispetto a questi, una maggiore sensibilità (> 90%) nell’evidenziare un abuso alcolico cronico; l’EtG e L’EtS sono presenti e rilevabili nel meconio (anche se la loro concentrazione non è correlata con quella di altri indicatori di consumo di alcol quali gli esteri etilici degli acidi grassi) ciò costituendo la premessa per una più approfondita valutazione dell’utilità della loro determinazione in questo substrato biologico nell’evidenziare l’esposizione intrauterina all’alcol.
Alcohol abuse and misuse is a growing problem with relevant clinical, social, economic and administrative implications. A sensitive and specific diagnosis of the different forms of acute and chronic alcohol abuse is an essential tool to properly face this social burden. Recently, the determination of two minor non oxidative products of alcohol metabolism, ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulphate (EtS), in traditional (blood and derivatives, urine) as well as alternative (hair, meconium) biological matrices has been proposed as a promising approach to the efficient and effective diagnosis of alcohol abuse for forensic, clinical, and epidemiological purposes. The aim of this thesis was to (a) develop and fully validate analytical methods for the determination of these two metabolites in different biological samples (urine, blood/serum, meconium and, for EtG, hair) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and b) to apply these methods in several diagnostic contexts and, in particular: 1) the study of the blood kinetics and blood/serum ratio of EtG and EtS in samples of heavy drinkers at the beginning of a withdrawal treatment (study carried out in collaboration with the Norwegian National Institute of Health); 2) study of the stability of EtG and EtS in post-mortem samples several years after burial; 3) evaluation of EtG in hair (HEtG) as a potential marker of chronic alcohol abuse, in comparison with other biomarkers currently used in the routine (i.e. CDT); 4) application of EtG and EtS in meconium as markers of gestational alcohol exposure. Results obtained in the different fields mentioned above showed, in some cases for the first time, or confirmed the great potential of EtG and EtS as sensitive and specific markers of alcohol misuse. Moreover they allowed to ascertain that: the elimination of EtG and EtS in heavy drinkers is similar to that occurring in social drinkers (with the important exception of subjects suffering from renal pathologies where the ethanol metabolism and consequently the metabolites elimination appear to be slowed down); EtG and EtS are to mainly distributed in serum than in blood cells, with relevant implications when the analysis is carried out on serum/plasma instead of whole blood; EtG and EtS are detectable in post-mortem biological samples even when collected several years after death; the use of an analytical, sensitive (LLOQ of 3 pg/mg), specific and fully validated method gives to HEtG a high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity; HEtG appears to qualitatively correlate with other markers ( i.e. cocaethylene in hair of cocaine users; CDT), although it exhibits better sensitivity (>90%) in ascertaining alcohol chronic abuse; EtG and EtS are detectable in meconium (even if their concentration doesn’t correlate with that of other markers of alcohol consumption such as fatty acids ethyl esters), thus offering the basis for an in-depth evaluation of the usefulness of their determination in this matrix for the diagnosis of prenatal exposure to alcohol.
Development and validation of analytical methods for the determination of direct ethanol metabolites in biological matrices by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Applications in forensic toxicology
MORINI, Luca
2009-01-01
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and misuse is a growing problem with relevant clinical, social, economic and administrative implications. A sensitive and specific diagnosis of the different forms of acute and chronic alcohol abuse is an essential tool to properly face this social burden. Recently, the determination of two minor non oxidative products of alcohol metabolism, ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulphate (EtS), in traditional (blood and derivatives, urine) as well as alternative (hair, meconium) biological matrices has been proposed as a promising approach to the efficient and effective diagnosis of alcohol abuse for forensic, clinical, and epidemiological purposes. The aim of this thesis was to (a) develop and fully validate analytical methods for the determination of these two metabolites in different biological samples (urine, blood/serum, meconium and, for EtG, hair) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and b) to apply these methods in several diagnostic contexts and, in particular: 1) the study of the blood kinetics and blood/serum ratio of EtG and EtS in samples of heavy drinkers at the beginning of a withdrawal treatment (study carried out in collaboration with the Norwegian National Institute of Health); 2) study of the stability of EtG and EtS in post-mortem samples several years after burial; 3) evaluation of EtG in hair (HEtG) as a potential marker of chronic alcohol abuse, in comparison with other biomarkers currently used in the routine (i.e. CDT); 4) application of EtG and EtS in meconium as markers of gestational alcohol exposure. Results obtained in the different fields mentioned above showed, in some cases for the first time, or confirmed the great potential of EtG and EtS as sensitive and specific markers of alcohol misuse. Moreover they allowed to ascertain that: the elimination of EtG and EtS in heavy drinkers is similar to that occurring in social drinkers (with the important exception of subjects suffering from renal pathologies where the ethanol metabolism and consequently the metabolites elimination appear to be slowed down); EtG and EtS are to mainly distributed in serum than in blood cells, with relevant implications when the analysis is carried out on serum/plasma instead of whole blood; EtG and EtS are detectable in post-mortem biological samples even when collected several years after death; the use of an analytical, sensitive (LLOQ of 3 pg/mg), specific and fully validated method gives to HEtG a high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity; HEtG appears to qualitatively correlate with other markers ( i.e. cocaethylene in hair of cocaine users; CDT), although it exhibits better sensitivity (>90%) in ascertaining alcohol chronic abuse; EtG and EtS are detectable in meconium (even if their concentration doesn’t correlate with that of other markers of alcohol consumption such as fatty acids ethyl esters), thus offering the basis for an in-depth evaluation of the usefulness of their determination in this matrix for the diagnosis of prenatal exposure to alcohol.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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