Background: I disturbi del linguaggio, e in particolare l’impoverimento e la disorganizzazione, costituiscono un aspetto centrale della schizofrenia. Tali deficit sono stati descritti sia in termini di disturbi formali del pensiero (disordine nella forma ma non nel contenuto del pensiero), sia come alterazioni simili a quelle presenti nei disturbi di tipo afasico (es. creazione di neologismi). Inoltre, sono stati evidenziati deficit a livello fonologico, difficoltà nel recupero lessicale e una riduzione della complessità sintattica, così come disturbi inerenti la pragmatica (comprensione delle espressioni figurate, prosodia linguistica e affettiva, theory of mind). Negli ultimi decenni, le ricerche condotte mediante tecniche di neuroimaging hanno indicato il giro temporale superiore (GTS) e le sue sottoaree, il giro di Heschl (HG) e il planum temporale (PT), come componenti essenziali del network fronto-temporale coinvolto nella produzione e comprensione del linguaggio. Inoltre, tali studi hanno evidenziato la presenza di anomalie strutturali in HG e GTS, così come un’inversione della normale asimmetria del PT nei pazienti con schizofrenia rispetto ai controlli sani. Tali anomalie potrebbero costituire il substrato neurale dei disturbi del linguaggio descritti nella schizofrenia. Obiettivo dello studio: Valutare l’esistenza di differenze strutturali (volumetriche) di GTS, HG e PT, dell’indice di lateralizzazione del PT e relativamente ad alcuni indici linguistici/pragmatici in un gruppo di pazienti affetti da schizofrenia (DSM-IV) e in gruppo di controlli sani. Inoltre l’obiettivo è di indagare la correlazione tra i volumi delle aree anatomiche di interesse e gli indici linguistici/pragmatici. Metodi: Cinquantotto pazienti con diagnosi di schizofrenia (età media±ds: 40.60±11.58; lunghezza di malattia: 13.92±10.79; 40 maschi, 18 femmine; destrimani; caucasici) e 59 controlli sani (età media±ds: 40.69±11.10; 32 maschi, 27 femmine; destrimani; caucasici) hanno eseguito una risonanza magnetica strutturale (sMRI) effettuata con uno scanner da 1.5 Tesla. Il giro temporale superiore, il giro di Heschl e il planum temporale sono stati tracciati manualmente e il rispettivo volume è stato calcolato mediante il software Brains2. Un task narrativo (descrizione di vignette) e una conversazione semi-strutturata sono stati utilizzati per la valutazione della produzione linguistica, mentre test di comprensione della sintassi e delle espressioni figurate sono stati utilizzati per gli aspetti relativi alla comprensione dell’eloquio. Infine, è stata utilizzata una correlazione parziale per studiare la relazione tra i volumi ottenuti e gli indici linguistici risultati significativamente diversi nei due gruppi. Risultati: Per quanto riguarda il volume di GTS, HG e PT, non sono emerse differenze tra il gruppo dei pazienti e il gruppo dei controlli. Tuttavia, quando i gruppi sono stati stratificati in base al sesso, è emersa una riduzione del volume del PT sinistro e una riduzione della sua asimmetria nelle pazienti di sesso femminile rispetto ai controlli dello stesso sesso (volume PT: F=4.54, p= 0.04; indice di asimmetria del PT: F=4.69, p=0.04; ANOVA, età e volume totale intracranico come covariate). Per quanto riguarda l’assessment linguistico, i pazienti con schizofrenia hanno mostrato un deterioramento diffuso degli aspetti sia propriamente linguistici che pragmatici, in particolare riguardo la fluenza dell’eloquio (numero di parole al minuto), la complessità e diversità sintattica, la diversità lessicale, la comprensione delle regole della sintassi e delle espressioni figurate (idiomi e metafore) (p<0.01, MANOVA con età, sesso e livello di istruzione come covariate). Inoltre, dimensioni linguistiche distinte sono risultate correlate differentemente con i volumi di GTS-HG-PT nel gruppo dei pazienti e in quello dei controlli sani, in particolare riguardo la fluenza dell’eloquio, gli indici relativi alla sintassi e la comprensione di espressioni idiomatiche e metaforiche. Conclusioni: Il presente studio ha evidenziato alterazioni strutturali del PT nelle pazienti affette da schizofrenia rispetto ai controlli dello stesso sesso. E’ inoltre emersa la presenza di numerosi deficit linguistici nei soggetti con schizofrenia, quando confrontati con il gruppo di controllo. Inoltre, gli indici linguistici sono risultati correlare in maniera differenziata tra i due gruppi con i volumi delle regioni anatomiche investigate. Tali risultati suggeriscono l’importanza di condurre studi distinti per maschi e femmine (così come per destrimani e sinistrorsi) e inseriscono questo progetto di ricerca nel dibattito sulle differenze di genere nella schizofrenia. Studi futuri e con campioni più numerosi potranno chiarire se le differenze riscontrate tra i due sessi dal punto di vista anatomico possono risultare in una diversa competenza linguistica.
Background: Language disturbances, such as impoverishment, disorganization and dysregulation, are prominent features of schizophrenia. These deficits have been described in patients both in term of thought disorders and schizophasia (dysphasia-like impairments such as neologism, clanging, unintelligible utterance). Moreover, phonetics, access to the lexicon and sometimes syntax are clearly impaired, along with pragmatic deficits (impaired affective/linguistic prosody, theory of mind, non literal expressions comprehension). In the last decades, researches carried out with neuroimaging techniques have suggested the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and its sub-areas, Heschl’s gyrus (HG) and planum temporale (PT), as essential components of the fronto-temporal network involved in speech perception and production. Also, they have highlighted structural abnormalities in HG and STG (especially the left side) and an inversion of PT asymmetry in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Such anatomical findings could be linked to language disturbances described in schizophrenia. Aim of the study: To compare STG, HG and PT volumes, PT lateralization index and linguistic/pragmatic dimensions in a sample of patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia and healthy controls; to investigate correlations between volumes and linguistic/pragmatic indices. Methods: Fifty-eight patients with schizophrenia (mean age±sd: 40.60±11.58; duration of illness: 13.92±10.79; 40 males, 18 females; all right-handed; all Caucasian) and 59 healthy controls (mean age±sd: 40.69±11.10; 32 males, 27 females; all right-handed; all Caucasian) underwent 1.5 T structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). Superior temporal gyrus, HG and PT were manually traced and volumes were calculated using the BRAINS2 software. Narrative, conversational and syntactic comprehension tasks were used to evaluate linguistic skills, while a pragmatic comprehension test was used to assess the ability to understand non literal aspects of language (metaphors and idioms). A partial correlation was used to investigate the link between volumes and linguistic/pragmatic indices. Results: As regards STG, HG and PT volumes, any differences was found between patients and healthy controls. When groups were stratified by sex, a left PT volume loss and a reduced right to left asymmetry was found only in the female patients compared to females controls (PT volume: F=4.54, p= 0.04; PT asymmetry index: F=4.69, p=0.04; ANOVA, age and intracranial volume as covariates). As regards language, patients with schizophrenia showed a widespread impairment of linguistic and pragmatic indices, especially regarding speech fluency, syntactic complexity and diversity, lexical diversity, syntactic rules understanding and non-literal expression comprehension (p<0.01, MANOVA with age, sex and educational level as covariates). Furthermore, distinct language dimensions differently correlated with STG-HG-PT volumes in patients with schizophrenia and controls, particularly with regard to speech fluency, syntactic measures and metaphor/idiom comprehension (p<0.01, partial correlation with age and duration of illness as covariates). Conclusion: This study has highlighted structural anomalies in the PT in females patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy females. Also, several linguistic and pragmatic deficits have been found in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls. Furthermore, distinct correlations between volumes and linguistic indices in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls suggest a complex neuroanatomical substrate for language dimensions in healthy humans and in schizophrenia patients. In addition, such results suggest the importance to plan studies separately for males and females (and for left-handers/right-handers) in order to reduce the role of confounding variables. Further studies with larger samples should clarify whether these anatomical sex differences in language networks could result in different linguistic abilities.
Studio con risonanza magnetica del giro temporale superiore e delle sue sottoaree nella schizofrenia: rilevanza per le dimensioni neurolinguistiche
PERLINI, Cinzia
2009-01-01
Abstract
Background: Language disturbances, such as impoverishment, disorganization and dysregulation, are prominent features of schizophrenia. These deficits have been described in patients both in term of thought disorders and schizophasia (dysphasia-like impairments such as neologism, clanging, unintelligible utterance). Moreover, phonetics, access to the lexicon and sometimes syntax are clearly impaired, along with pragmatic deficits (impaired affective/linguistic prosody, theory of mind, non literal expressions comprehension). In the last decades, researches carried out with neuroimaging techniques have suggested the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and its sub-areas, Heschl’s gyrus (HG) and planum temporale (PT), as essential components of the fronto-temporal network involved in speech perception and production. Also, they have highlighted structural abnormalities in HG and STG (especially the left side) and an inversion of PT asymmetry in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Such anatomical findings could be linked to language disturbances described in schizophrenia. Aim of the study: To compare STG, HG and PT volumes, PT lateralization index and linguistic/pragmatic dimensions in a sample of patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia and healthy controls; to investigate correlations between volumes and linguistic/pragmatic indices. Methods: Fifty-eight patients with schizophrenia (mean age±sd: 40.60±11.58; duration of illness: 13.92±10.79; 40 males, 18 females; all right-handed; all Caucasian) and 59 healthy controls (mean age±sd: 40.69±11.10; 32 males, 27 females; all right-handed; all Caucasian) underwent 1.5 T structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). Superior temporal gyrus, HG and PT were manually traced and volumes were calculated using the BRAINS2 software. Narrative, conversational and syntactic comprehension tasks were used to evaluate linguistic skills, while a pragmatic comprehension test was used to assess the ability to understand non literal aspects of language (metaphors and idioms). A partial correlation was used to investigate the link between volumes and linguistic/pragmatic indices. Results: As regards STG, HG and PT volumes, any differences was found between patients and healthy controls. When groups were stratified by sex, a left PT volume loss and a reduced right to left asymmetry was found only in the female patients compared to females controls (PT volume: F=4.54, p= 0.04; PT asymmetry index: F=4.69, p=0.04; ANOVA, age and intracranial volume as covariates). As regards language, patients with schizophrenia showed a widespread impairment of linguistic and pragmatic indices, especially regarding speech fluency, syntactic complexity and diversity, lexical diversity, syntactic rules understanding and non-literal expression comprehension (p<0.01, MANOVA with age, sex and educational level as covariates). Furthermore, distinct language dimensions differently correlated with STG-HG-PT volumes in patients with schizophrenia and controls, particularly with regard to speech fluency, syntactic measures and metaphor/idiom comprehension (p<0.01, partial correlation with age and duration of illness as covariates). Conclusion: This study has highlighted structural anomalies in the PT in females patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy females. Also, several linguistic and pragmatic deficits have been found in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls. Furthermore, distinct correlations between volumes and linguistic indices in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls suggest a complex neuroanatomical substrate for language dimensions in healthy humans and in schizophrenia patients. In addition, such results suggest the importance to plan studies separately for males and females (and for left-handers/right-handers) in order to reduce the role of confounding variables. Further studies with larger samples should clarify whether these anatomical sex differences in language networks could result in different linguistic abilities.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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