Aging and cellular senescence are two closely interconnected processes. Senescence is characterized by a permanent cell-cycle arrest in response to stress conditions, with the aim of preserving the integrity of the organism. However, the accumulation of senescent cells within tissues contributes to the acceleration of the aging process and to the possible onset of associated pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. Among the main factors that induce senescence, oxidative stress plays a crucial role, as it results from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of the antioxidant system to neutralize them. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of homotaurine, a small molecule with neuroprotective properties, and glutathione (GSH), an intracellular antioxidant, as protective agents on mesenchymal stem cells and neuronal models such as Parkinson’s disease organoids or neuroblastoma cells. Homotaurine exhibited strong protective activity, enhancing cell viability and reducing oxidative stress through the modulation of key stress- related pathways. In in vivo models, it was shown to promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Moreover, in organoids Parkinson’s disease models, treatment induced significant neuroprotective effects, including increased β-catenin levels and reduced ROS levels. GSH was used to treat Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. GSH was administered both directly and via extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from GSH- pretreated MSCs. In this case as well, the data revealed a marked antioxidant capacity, with clear improvements in cell viability and a reduction in oxidative-stress markers. The EVs from pretreated MSCs retained the effects of GSH, suggesting an effective and biocompatible delivery approach. Overall, the results of this study confirm that homotaurine and glutathione can modulate key processes involved in senescence and aging, opening new perspectives for targeted interventions aimed at the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
L’invecchiamento e la senescenza cellulare rappresentano due processi strettamente interconnessi. La senescenza, infatti, è caratterizzata da un blocco permanente del ciclo cellulare che viene attuato in risposta a condizioni di stress con lo scopo di preservare l’integrità dell’organismo. Tuttavia, un accumulo di cellule senescenti nei tessuti contribuisce all’accelerazione del processo di invecchiamento e alla possibile insorgenza di patologie ad esso associate, tra cui le malattie neurodegenerative. Tra i principali fattori che inducono la senescenza, lo stress ossidativo riveste un ruolo cruciale, poiché deriva da un disequilibrio tra la produzione di specie reattive dell’ossigeno e la capacità del sistema antiossidante di neutralizzarle. L'obiettivo di questo studio è stato quello di indagare le potenzialità dell’omotaurina, una piccola molecola con proprietà neuroprotettive, e del glutatione, un antiossidante intracellulare, come agenti protettivi su cellule mesenchimali e modelli neuronali come organoidi di Parkinson o cellule di neuroblastoma. L’omotaurina ha mostrato un’elevata attività protettiva, migliorando la vitalità cellulare e riducendo lo stress ossidativo tramite la modulazione dei principali pathway coinvolti allo stress. Nei modelli in vivo ha dimostrato di promuovere l’angiogenesi e l’osteogenesi. Inoltre, nei modelli 3D di malattia di Parkinson, il trattamento ha dimostrato significativi effetti neuroprotettivi, con un aumento dei livelli di β-catenine riducendo i livelli dei ROS. Il GSH è stato utilizzato per il trattamento di MSCs e SH-SY5Y, a quest’ultime è stato somministrato sia direttamente sia tramite EVs da MSCs pretrattate con GSH. Anche in questo caso, i dati hanno mostrato una marcata capacità antiossidante, con evidente miglioramento della vitalità cellulare e riduzione dei marcatori dello stress ossidativo. Le vescicole delle MSCs pretrattate hanno mantenuto l’effetto del GSH, indicando un approccio veicolare potenzialmente efficace e biocompatibile. Nel complesso, i risultati di questo studio confermano che omotaurina e glutatione possono modulare i processi chiave di senescenza e invecchiamento, aprendo nuove prospettive per interventi mirati alla prevenzione e al trattamento di patologie neurodegenerative.
Antioxidant strategies for cellular aging: the role of homotaurine and glutathione
Piritore, Francesca Cristiana
2026-01-01
Abstract
Aging and cellular senescence are two closely interconnected processes. Senescence is characterized by a permanent cell-cycle arrest in response to stress conditions, with the aim of preserving the integrity of the organism. However, the accumulation of senescent cells within tissues contributes to the acceleration of the aging process and to the possible onset of associated pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. Among the main factors that induce senescence, oxidative stress plays a crucial role, as it results from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of the antioxidant system to neutralize them. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of homotaurine, a small molecule with neuroprotective properties, and glutathione (GSH), an intracellular antioxidant, as protective agents on mesenchymal stem cells and neuronal models such as Parkinson’s disease organoids or neuroblastoma cells. Homotaurine exhibited strong protective activity, enhancing cell viability and reducing oxidative stress through the modulation of key stress- related pathways. In in vivo models, it was shown to promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Moreover, in organoids Parkinson’s disease models, treatment induced significant neuroprotective effects, including increased β-catenin levels and reduced ROS levels. GSH was used to treat Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. GSH was administered both directly and via extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from GSH- pretreated MSCs. In this case as well, the data revealed a marked antioxidant capacity, with clear improvements in cell viability and a reduction in oxidative-stress markers. The EVs from pretreated MSCs retained the effects of GSH, suggesting an effective and biocompatible delivery approach. Overall, the results of this study confirm that homotaurine and glutathione can modulate key processes involved in senescence and aging, opening new perspectives for targeted interventions aimed at the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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