Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the main causes of death from cancer in men worldwide, however, the prognosis is mainly influenced by the stage. Immunotherapy has failed in PCa, which is considered a cold tumor as it is characterized by a high amount of regulatory T lymphocytes (T-reg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that turn off the anti-tumor immune response and sustain tumor progression. Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) presents a wide range of clinical outcomes, and once progressing to the castration-resistant (CR) phase, it is characterized by a poor prognosis. Aim of the work and methods This thesis consists of 3 works. The first is a translational study focused on depicting the systemic immune response in localized PCa, in patients candidates for radical prostatectomy. The aim is to investigate the immune cell populations involved in this stage and analyze whether there are differences among different risk classes of tumors. Therefore, blood and tumor samples from patients undergoing curative surgery were collected and analyzed with flow cytometry assay and in pathology, respectively. The second part is the design of a clinical trial for mHSPC patients, involving an innovative approach characterized by treatment with a senolytic agent (S64315) in addition to standard of care therapy, to study whether the reduction of tumoral senescent cells can delay the onset of the CR phase and thus improve prognosis. The third is a retrospective, single-center clinical study investigating the impact of tumor suppressor gene (TSG) alterations, specifically in TP53, PTEN, and RB1, identified through next-generation sequencing (NGS), on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with mHSPC. Results We enrolled 79 patients in the translational study. We observed a relatively high amount of circulating CD11b+CD33+ cells in PCa patients. Furthermore, patients with high-risk diseases exhibited an even greater expansion of CD11b+CD33+ cells and a broader increase in the immature myeloid compartment, suggesting that systemic immunosuppression may escalate in parallel with tumor aggressiveness. Differently, the analysis of the peri-tumoral infiltrate in the tumoral specimens did not show any variation among the different risk classes. We enrolled 158 patients in the retrospective clinical trial. Patients who did not present any alteration of the three TSG presented a significantly longer PFS (HR 0.58, p=0.012) and OS (HR 0.48, p=0.025). Moreover, integrating the AVPC-TSG status with the known clinical prognostic factors CHAARTED criteria, the results were an enhanced prognostic and predictive discrimination in mHSPC, creating three classes that present significantly different PFS. Conclusions The results highlight the complexity of this disease, where the presence of a systemic immune response is revealed since the early stages. The unfavourable prognostic impact of TSG alteration in mHSPC has been clarified. Further analyses are needed to reinforce the impact of these evaluations.
Introduzione Il tumore alla prostata è una delle cause oncologiche più frequenti di decesso nell'uomo nel mondo. La prognosi è tuttavia strettamente collegata dallo stadio di malattia. L'immunoterapia ha fallito in questo tumore, che è considerato un tumore freddo in quanto caratterizzato da un elevato numero di linfociti T regolatori e cellule mieloidi soppressive che promuovono un ambiente immunosoppressivo. La fase metastatica sensibile a castrazione è caratterizzata da un estremo range di andamenti clinici e una volta in progressione verso la resistenza a castrazione, è caratterizzata da una prognosi infausta. Scopo del lavoro e Metodi La presente tesi consta di 3 lavori. Il primo è uno studio traslazionale incentrato sulla rappresentazione della risposta immunitaria sistemica nel tumore alla prostata in stadio precoce, in pazienti candidati a prostatectomia. L'obiettivo è indagare le popolazioni di cellule immunitarie coinvolte e analizzare se esistono differenze nelle diverse classi di rischio. Pertanto, sono stati raccolti campioni di sangue e di tumore di pazienti sottoposti a chirurgia curativa e analizzati rispettivamente con FACS e in patologia. La seconda parte è il disegno di uno studio clinico in pazienti con tumore prostatico metastatico ormono-sensibile, che prevede un approccio innovativo caratterizzato dal trattamento con terapia di deprivazione androgenica, darolutamide +/- un agente senolitico (S64315). L’obiettivo è studiare se la riduzione della senescenza, mediante questa strategia, possa ritardare l'insorgenza della fase di resistenza a castrazione e quindi migliorare la prognosi. Il terzo è un lavoro clinico retrospettivo, monocentrico, volto a studiare l’outcome della presenza di mutazioni dei geni oncosoppressori TP53, PTEN e RB1, identificate mediante sequenziamento (NGS) in pazienti affetti da tumore prostatico avanzato ormono-sensibile. Risultati Nei 79 pazienti arruolati nello studio traslazionale. Tra questi abbiamo osservato livelli relativamente elevati di cellule CD11b+CD33+ circolanti e questa tendenza era significativamente più rappresentato nei pazienti con tumore ad alto rischio (p=0,018). Questo potrebbe suggerire come anche in tumori indolenti e in fase precoce, le cellule mieloidi immature siano implicate. Contrariamente, l'analisi dell'infiltrato peri-tumorale nei campioni tumorali non ha mostrato alcuna variazione tra le diverse classi di rischio. Abbiamo arruolato 158 pazienti nello studio clinico retrospettivo. I pazienti che non presentavano alcuna alterazione dei tre geni soppressori tumorali presentavano una sopravvivenza libera da progressione (HR 0,58, p=0,012) e una sopravvivenza globale (HR 0,48, p=0,025) significativamente più lunghe. Inoltre, integrando lo stato mutazionale dei tre geni target con i noti fattori prognostici clinici (criteri CHAARTED), si è ottenuta una maggiore discriminazione prognostica e predittiva in questo stadio, creando tre classi che presentano una prognosi significativamente differente. Conclusioni I risultati evidenziano la complessità di questo tumore, e mostrano la presenza di una risposta immunitaria sistemica già nella malattia localizzata. Abbiamo inoltre rinforzato l'impatto prognostico sfavorevole delle alterazioni a carico geni oncosoppressori nella malattia avanzata ormono-sensibile. Ulteriori studi sono necessari per validare l’impatto di questi risultati.
A Journey through the Multifaceted Landscape of Prostate Cancer: from Bench to Bedside Studies
Merler Sara
Conceptualization
;Milella MicheleSupervision
;
2025-01-01
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the main causes of death from cancer in men worldwide, however, the prognosis is mainly influenced by the stage. Immunotherapy has failed in PCa, which is considered a cold tumor as it is characterized by a high amount of regulatory T lymphocytes (T-reg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that turn off the anti-tumor immune response and sustain tumor progression. Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) presents a wide range of clinical outcomes, and once progressing to the castration-resistant (CR) phase, it is characterized by a poor prognosis. Aim of the work and methods This thesis consists of 3 works. The first is a translational study focused on depicting the systemic immune response in localized PCa, in patients candidates for radical prostatectomy. The aim is to investigate the immune cell populations involved in this stage and analyze whether there are differences among different risk classes of tumors. Therefore, blood and tumor samples from patients undergoing curative surgery were collected and analyzed with flow cytometry assay and in pathology, respectively. The second part is the design of a clinical trial for mHSPC patients, involving an innovative approach characterized by treatment with a senolytic agent (S64315) in addition to standard of care therapy, to study whether the reduction of tumoral senescent cells can delay the onset of the CR phase and thus improve prognosis. The third is a retrospective, single-center clinical study investigating the impact of tumor suppressor gene (TSG) alterations, specifically in TP53, PTEN, and RB1, identified through next-generation sequencing (NGS), on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with mHSPC. Results We enrolled 79 patients in the translational study. We observed a relatively high amount of circulating CD11b+CD33+ cells in PCa patients. Furthermore, patients with high-risk diseases exhibited an even greater expansion of CD11b+CD33+ cells and a broader increase in the immature myeloid compartment, suggesting that systemic immunosuppression may escalate in parallel with tumor aggressiveness. Differently, the analysis of the peri-tumoral infiltrate in the tumoral specimens did not show any variation among the different risk classes. We enrolled 158 patients in the retrospective clinical trial. Patients who did not present any alteration of the three TSG presented a significantly longer PFS (HR 0.58, p=0.012) and OS (HR 0.48, p=0.025). Moreover, integrating the AVPC-TSG status with the known clinical prognostic factors CHAARTED criteria, the results were an enhanced prognostic and predictive discrimination in mHSPC, creating three classes that present significantly different PFS. Conclusions The results highlight the complexity of this disease, where the presence of a systemic immune response is revealed since the early stages. The unfavourable prognostic impact of TSG alteration in mHSPC has been clarified. Further analyses are needed to reinforce the impact of these evaluations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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