Background: Antibiotic Stewardship (AS) interventions in paediatric settings are still poorly standardised in terms of methodology, assessment parameters and the clinical outcomes to be considered. Below are the results of the ENSURE (ENforcing SUrveillance of antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic UsE to Drive Stewardship) study, a quasi-experimental study aimed at improving the appropriateness of antimicrobial prescriptions in the paediatric setting by providing treatment guidelines specifically designed in accordance with locally-collected microbiological surveillance data. Materials and methods: The AS intervention was carried out in the Paediatric medical area of a tertiary referral hospital between March 2021 and June 2023. The key elements of the intervention were: 1) an initial intensive phase (March 2021 - May 2021) conducted by an infectious diseases specialist working full time in the unit in question, in order to observe and identify the training needs regarding antibiotic therapy; 2) processing of customised therapy guidelines drawn up in accordance with local microbiological susceptibility data, provided to prescribing personnel in January 2022 and that were also available for consultation using a customised app (Firstline.org); 3) 18-month follow-up phase (February 2022 - June 2023) utilising the “audit and feedback” method. The primary endpoint assessed was consumption of systemic antibiotics (class ATC J01), as calculated using the parameters “Defined daily doses” (DDD), “Days of therapy” (DOT) and “Length of therapy” (LOT), normalised to 1000 patient-days (*1000 PD), for the 18 months following the intervention (period 2022-2023) compared with historical control data for a 12-month period prior to the SARS-COV2 pandemic (2019), using a descriptive method and statistical analysis by means of “Interrupted Time Series Analysis” (ITSA). The secondary endpoints of the study were: 1) distribution of the consumption of antibiotics by WHO AWaRe class; 2) therapeutic appropriateness assessment (using the audit and feedback method); 3) length of stay (LOS); 4) in- hospital mortality; and 5) prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) micro-organisms. Results: A consistent reduction in the consumption of antibiotics was recorded, in terms of both DDD *1000 PD, and DOT and LOT *1000 PD. Comparing the data by semesters in order to also take into consideration the expected seasonal fluctuations, the parameter total DDD normalised to *1000 PD decreased by 55% (140 vs 312) between semester I 2022 and semester I 2019, by 47% (203 vs 385) between semester II 2022 and semester II 2019 and by 22% (243 vs 312) between semester I 2023 and semester I 2019. Furthermore, the parameter total DOT normalised to *1000 PD decreased by 63% (DOT 270 vs 724) between semester I 2022 and semester I 2019, by 55% (DOT 370 vs 830) between semester II 2022 and semester II 2019 and by 50% (DOT 359 vs 724) between semester I 2023 and semester I 2019. Mean LOT *1000 PD (LOT 232 vs 450) decreased by 48% between semester I 2022 and semester I 2019, by 32% (LOT 319 vs 472) between semester II 2022 and semester II 2019 and by 30% (LOT 313 vs 450) between semester I 2023 and semester I 2019. The ITS analysis showed statistical significance (p<0.01) for the pre- versus post-intervention differences for all 3 consumption assessment parameters (DDD, DOT, LOT). There was a clear change in prescription habits with greater use of “Access” class antibiotics over “Watch” class antibiotics in the post-intervention period for the period 2022-2023. The “Access to Watch” ratio for mean DDD *1000 PD per observation semester was seen to increase progressively from semester I 2019 (ratio: 0.6) to semester II 2022 (ratio: 1.8), with a decrease in semester I 2023 (ratio: 0.8), nevertheless maintaining higher than pre-intervention values. LOS and in-hospital mortality remained constant in the pre- and post-intervention phase. The prevalence of MDR micro-organism infections remained constant and very low in the pre- and post-intervention phases (2019: 9%; 2022 and 2023: 7%). However, there was an increase in Escherichia coli micro-organisms isolated from urine cultures that were resistant to the therapy provided for in the guidelines (2019: 18%; 2022: 34%; semester I 2023: 40%), with an absolute preponderance of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid-resistant micro-organisms. During the post-intervention follow-up phase, 42 audits were carried out to assess 713 patients, 214 of whom were receiving antibiotic therapy (mean proportion: semester I 2022 - 29%; semester II 2022 - 32%; semester I 2023 - 29%). In the post-intervention phase, prescriptions were found to be appropriate according to the guidelines in a high proportion of subjects, with a consistently upward trend during the follow-up period (semester I 2022: 84%; semester II 2022: 89%; semester I 2023: 93%). Limitations of the study: The inclusion in the study of a control group and a “non-intervention arm” could have provided support for the assessment of any confounders (e.g. patient mix changes, nonavailability of certain active substances, etc.). However, they were not foreseen in the study design because all areas of the Paediatric Medical Area of Verona University Hospital were simultaneously involved in the study, and no other departments with similar characteristics were available at the same location for use as a control group. Conclusions: In this study, the AS intervention appeared to be associated with an improvement in the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions and a significant reduction in total antibiotic consumption, as well as with the consolidation of a prescriptive attitude that favoured, whenever possible, the choice of antibiotics in the “Access” class. The electronic tools specifically designed to support prescribers played an important role in promoting compliance with the guidelines and ensuring the long-term sustainability of objectives achieved. Regular monitoring of micro-organism resistance profiles at a local level is essential for appropriately adapting the guidelines for empirical antimicrobial treatment.
Background: Gli interventi di Stewardship Antibiotica (AS) in ambito pediatrico sono ancora poco standardizzati per metodologia, parametri di valutazione ed esiti clinici da considerare. Di seguito si riportano i risultati dello studio ENSURE (ENforcing SUrveillance of antimicrobial Resistance and antibiotic usE to drive stewardship), uno studio quasi-sperimentale volto a migliorare l’appropriatezza delle prescrizioni antimicrobiche nell’area medica pediatrica attraverso la fornitura di linee guida per il trattamento specificamente disegnate secondo i dati di sorveglianza microbiologica raccolti a livello locale. Materiali e metodi: L’intervento di AS è stato condotto nell’Area medica pediatrica di un ospedale di terzo livello nel periodo Marzo 2021 - Giugno 2023. Gli elementi chiave dell’intervento sono stati: 1) fase intensiva iniziale (Marzo 2021 - Maggio 2021) effettuata da uno specialista infettivologo che lavorava a tempo pieno nel reparto di interesse, per osservazione e riscontro dei bisogni di formazione in ambito di antibioticoterapia; 2) elaborazione di linee guida di terapia antibiotica disegnate “su misura”, secondo i dati di suscettibilità microbiologica locale, fornite al personale prescrittore in Gennaio 2022 e consultabili anche tramite un applicativo personalizzato (Firstline.org); 3) fase di follow-up di 18 mesi (Febbraio 2022 - Giugno 2023) con metodologia “audit e feedback”. L’endpoint primario valutato è stato il consumo di antibiotici sistemici (classe ATC J01), stimato mediante i parametri “Dosi giornaliere definite” (DDD), “Giorni di terapia” (DOT) e “Durata della terapia” (LOT), normalizzati per 1000 pazienti/giorno (*1000 PD), nei 18 mesi successivi all’intervento (anno 2022-2023) confrontati con dati di controllo storico di 12 mesi pre-pandemia da virus SARS-COV2 (anno 2019), con metodologia descrittiva e con analisi statistica mediante “Interrupted Time Series Analysis” (ITSA). Gli endpoint secondari dello studio sono stati: 1) distribuzione del consumo di antibiotici per classe AWaRe di OMS; 2) valutazione dell’appropriatezza della terapia (tramite audit e feedback); 3) durata della degenza (length of stay - LOS); 4) mortalità intra-ospedaliera; 5) prevalenza di microorganismi multi-resistenti (MDR). Risultati: È stata documentata una significativa riduzione del consumo di antibiotici, sia in termini di DDD *1000 PD, sia come DOT e LOT *1000 PD. Raffrontando i dati per semestre al fine di tenere conto anche delle attese fluttuazioni per stagionalità, si è osservato un decremento pari al 55% nel parametro DDD totali normalizzate *1000 PD (140 vs 312) tra I semestre 2022 e I semestre 2019, del 47% (203 vs 385) tra II semestre 2022 e II semestre 2019 e del 22% (243 vs 312) tra I semestre 2023 e I semestre 2019. Si è osservato inoltre un decremento del parametro DOT totali normalizzate *1000 PD pari al 63% (DOT 270 vs 724) tra I semestre 2022 e I semestre 2019, del 55% (DOT 370 vs 830) tra II semestre 2022 e II semestre 2019 e del 50% (DOT 359 vs 724) tra I semestre 2023 e I semestre 2019. Un decremento in LOT medio *1000 PD del 48% (LOT 232 vs 450) si è rilevato tra I semestre 2022 e I semestre 2019, del 32% (LOT 319 vs 472) tra II semestre 2022 e II semestre 2019 e del 30% (LOT 313 vs 450) tra I semestre 2023 e I semestre 2019. L’analisi ITS ha evidenziato significatività statistica (p<0,01) per le differenze in fase pre- versus post-intervento per tutti i 3 parametri di valutazione dei consumi (DDD, DOT, LOT). Una modifica nelle abitudini prescrittive con maggior utilizzo di antibiotici di classe “Access” rispetto a “Watch” si è resa evidente in fase post-intervento nel corso dell’anno 2022-2023. Il rapporto “Access to Watch” per DDD medio *1000 PD per semestre di rilevazione risultava in incremento progressivo dal I semestre 2019 (ratio: 0,6) al II semestre 2022 (ratio: 1,8), con decremento nel I semestre 2023 (ratio: 0,8), mantenendo tuttavia valori superiori alla fase pre-intervento. LOS e mortalità intraospedaliera sono rimasti stabili nella fase pre- e post-intervento. La prevalenza di infezioni da microrganismi MDR è rimasta stabile e molto bassa nella fase pre- e post-intervento (anno 2019: 9%; anno 2022 e 2023: 7%). Si è osservato invece un incremento della prevalenza di microrganismi Escherichia coli isolati da urinocoltura che risultavano resistenti alla terapia prevista da linee guida (anno 2019: 18%; anno 2022: 34%; I semestre 2023: 40%), con assoluta preponderanza dei resistenti ad amoxicillina-acido clavulanico. Durante la fase di follow-up post-intervento sono state condotti 42 audit con valutazione di 713 pazienti, 214 dei quali risultavano in terapia antibiotica (proporzione media: I semestre anno 2022 - 29%; II semestre anno 2022 - 32%; I semestre anno 2023 - 29%). In fase post-intervento le prescrizioni risultavano appropriate secondo le linee guida in un’alta proporzione di soggetti, con andamento costantemente migliorativo nel corso del periodo di follow-up (I semestre anno 2022: 84%; II semestre anno 2022: 89%; I semestre anno 2023: 93%). Limiti dello studio: L’inclusione nello studio di un gruppo di controllo ed un braccio di “non intervento” avrebbe potuto essere di supporto nella valutazione dell’impatto di eventuali fattori confondenti (ad es. cambiamento del patient mix, indisponibilità di alcuni principi attivi…). Tuttavia, tale evenienza non è stata prevista nel disegno dello studio in quanto tutti i settori di Area medica pediatrica di A.O.U.I. Verona sono stati contemporaneamente coinvolti nello studio e nessun altro reparto con caratteristiche comparabili era disponibile in loco come gruppo di controllo. Conclusioni: Nel presente studio l’intervento di AS è risultato associato ad un miglioramento nell’adeguatezza delle prescrizioni antibiotiche e ad una significativa riduzione del consumo totale di antibiotici, nonché al consolidamento di un’attitudine prescrittiva che privilegiasse, ogniqualvolta possibile, la scelta di antibiotici di classe “Access”. Gli strumenti elettronici specificamente disegnati a supporto del personale prescrittore hanno svolto un ruolo importante nel promuovere il rispetto delle linee guida e nel garantire la sostenibilità a lungo termine degli obiettivi conseguiti. Il monitoraggio periodico dei profili di resistenza dei microorganismi a livello locale è indispensabile in prospettiva di eventuali congrui adeguamenti delle linee guida di trattamento antimicrobico empirico.
“Enforcing surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use to drive stewardship: a quality improvement intervention in the paediatric area of the Verona University Hospital”
Opri, Francesca
2024-01-01
Abstract
Background: Antibiotic Stewardship (AS) interventions in paediatric settings are still poorly standardised in terms of methodology, assessment parameters and the clinical outcomes to be considered. Below are the results of the ENSURE (ENforcing SUrveillance of antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic UsE to Drive Stewardship) study, a quasi-experimental study aimed at improving the appropriateness of antimicrobial prescriptions in the paediatric setting by providing treatment guidelines specifically designed in accordance with locally-collected microbiological surveillance data. Materials and methods: The AS intervention was carried out in the Paediatric medical area of a tertiary referral hospital between March 2021 and June 2023. The key elements of the intervention were: 1) an initial intensive phase (March 2021 - May 2021) conducted by an infectious diseases specialist working full time in the unit in question, in order to observe and identify the training needs regarding antibiotic therapy; 2) processing of customised therapy guidelines drawn up in accordance with local microbiological susceptibility data, provided to prescribing personnel in January 2022 and that were also available for consultation using a customised app (Firstline.org); 3) 18-month follow-up phase (February 2022 - June 2023) utilising the “audit and feedback” method. The primary endpoint assessed was consumption of systemic antibiotics (class ATC J01), as calculated using the parameters “Defined daily doses” (DDD), “Days of therapy” (DOT) and “Length of therapy” (LOT), normalised to 1000 patient-days (*1000 PD), for the 18 months following the intervention (period 2022-2023) compared with historical control data for a 12-month period prior to the SARS-COV2 pandemic (2019), using a descriptive method and statistical analysis by means of “Interrupted Time Series Analysis” (ITSA). The secondary endpoints of the study were: 1) distribution of the consumption of antibiotics by WHO AWaRe class; 2) therapeutic appropriateness assessment (using the audit and feedback method); 3) length of stay (LOS); 4) in- hospital mortality; and 5) prevalence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) micro-organisms. Results: A consistent reduction in the consumption of antibiotics was recorded, in terms of both DDD *1000 PD, and DOT and LOT *1000 PD. Comparing the data by semesters in order to also take into consideration the expected seasonal fluctuations, the parameter total DDD normalised to *1000 PD decreased by 55% (140 vs 312) between semester I 2022 and semester I 2019, by 47% (203 vs 385) between semester II 2022 and semester II 2019 and by 22% (243 vs 312) between semester I 2023 and semester I 2019. Furthermore, the parameter total DOT normalised to *1000 PD decreased by 63% (DOT 270 vs 724) between semester I 2022 and semester I 2019, by 55% (DOT 370 vs 830) between semester II 2022 and semester II 2019 and by 50% (DOT 359 vs 724) between semester I 2023 and semester I 2019. Mean LOT *1000 PD (LOT 232 vs 450) decreased by 48% between semester I 2022 and semester I 2019, by 32% (LOT 319 vs 472) between semester II 2022 and semester II 2019 and by 30% (LOT 313 vs 450) between semester I 2023 and semester I 2019. The ITS analysis showed statistical significance (p<0.01) for the pre- versus post-intervention differences for all 3 consumption assessment parameters (DDD, DOT, LOT). There was a clear change in prescription habits with greater use of “Access” class antibiotics over “Watch” class antibiotics in the post-intervention period for the period 2022-2023. The “Access to Watch” ratio for mean DDD *1000 PD per observation semester was seen to increase progressively from semester I 2019 (ratio: 0.6) to semester II 2022 (ratio: 1.8), with a decrease in semester I 2023 (ratio: 0.8), nevertheless maintaining higher than pre-intervention values. LOS and in-hospital mortality remained constant in the pre- and post-intervention phase. The prevalence of MDR micro-organism infections remained constant and very low in the pre- and post-intervention phases (2019: 9%; 2022 and 2023: 7%). However, there was an increase in Escherichia coli micro-organisms isolated from urine cultures that were resistant to the therapy provided for in the guidelines (2019: 18%; 2022: 34%; semester I 2023: 40%), with an absolute preponderance of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid-resistant micro-organisms. During the post-intervention follow-up phase, 42 audits were carried out to assess 713 patients, 214 of whom were receiving antibiotic therapy (mean proportion: semester I 2022 - 29%; semester II 2022 - 32%; semester I 2023 - 29%). In the post-intervention phase, prescriptions were found to be appropriate according to the guidelines in a high proportion of subjects, with a consistently upward trend during the follow-up period (semester I 2022: 84%; semester II 2022: 89%; semester I 2023: 93%). Limitations of the study: The inclusion in the study of a control group and a “non-intervention arm” could have provided support for the assessment of any confounders (e.g. patient mix changes, nonavailability of certain active substances, etc.). However, they were not foreseen in the study design because all areas of the Paediatric Medical Area of Verona University Hospital were simultaneously involved in the study, and no other departments with similar characteristics were available at the same location for use as a control group. Conclusions: In this study, the AS intervention appeared to be associated with an improvement in the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions and a significant reduction in total antibiotic consumption, as well as with the consolidation of a prescriptive attitude that favoured, whenever possible, the choice of antibiotics in the “Access” class. The electronic tools specifically designed to support prescribers played an important role in promoting compliance with the guidelines and ensuring the long-term sustainability of objectives achieved. Regular monitoring of micro-organism resistance profiles at a local level is essential for appropriately adapting the guidelines for empirical antimicrobial treatment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Opri Francesca - tesi dottorato versione 5.12.23 pdfA.pdf
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