Il sequenziamento massivo dell’intero genoma di un gran numero di cancri del pancreas da parte del consorzio internazionale per il genoma del cancro (ICGC) ha identificato una media di 26 mutazioni per singolo tumore. Le mutazioni di KRAS sono l’impronta di questi tumori, seguite dalla inattivazione di TP53, SMAD4 e CDKN2A. Accanto a queste alterazioni sono state riscontrate mutazioni in diversi geni che insistono in 10 pathways molecolari, una delle quali è la pathway-BRCA coinvolta nella riparazione del DNA via ricombinazione omologa. Lo scopo di questa tesi è di utilizzare i dati dell’ICGC focalizzandosi su tale pathway, in quanto i geni che a questa partecipano sono coinvolti nella predisposizione ereditaria ai tumori e sono bersaglio di terapie specifiche quali i sali del platino e gli inibitori della poli-ADP-riboso polimerasi. Lo studio qui presentato ha visto la produzione di 100 xenotrapianti in topo immunodeficiente di cancri del pancreas da pazienti (PDX), per avere a disposizione un modello in vivo da utilizzare sia per la caratterizzazione molecolare che per la sperimentazione terapeutica. I 100 PDX e i rispettivi 100 tumori primitivi sono stati oggetto di analisi mutazionale dei geni più comunemente alterati nel cancro del pancreas e dei geni della pathway-BRCA. KRAS era mutato nel 96% dei casi; TP53 nel 66%, SMAD4 nel 16%, e CDKN2A nel 13%. Mutazioni pathogeniche dei geni della pathway-BRCA sono state rilevate nel 13% dei casi: ATM (1%), BARD1 (1%), BRCA1 (1%), BRCA2 (8%), REV3L (1%), e STK11 (1%). Tali mutazioni erano mutualmente esclusive. Con l’eccezione di due mutazioni in STK11 e REV3L, tutte le mutazioni erano germinali. Un ulteriore 13% di casi presentava varianti di significato sconosciuto in diversi geni di questa pathway. La concordanza fra i tumori primitivi e gli xenotrapianti è stata riscontrata nel 94% dei casi.L’esistenza di un sottogruppo significativo (13%) di cancri del pancreas con mutazioni germinali identifica pazienti che possono beneficiare di terapie mirate, e famiglie che possono rientrare in programmi di screening. Inoltre, questo studio ha identificato una serie di varianti di significato patogenico sconosciuto, che possono essere valutate per la potenziale risposta a terapia utilizzando i modelli PDX sviluppati. I PDX, infatti, rappresentano un modello prezioso che rispecchia fedelmente gli assetti genetici della malattia primitiva.
Background: The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) whole genome sequencing effort identified an average of 26 mutations per pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). KRAS mutations are the hallmark, followed by TP53, SMAD4 and CDKN2A inactivation. A dominating tail of decreasingly mutated genes follows, but individual pathogenic gene alterations aggregate into ten core molecular pathways, one of which is the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair genes pathway. Aim: Within this framework, the aim of this thesis is to avail of ICGC data and focus on the HR DNA damage repair pathway, as genes in this pathway are involved in cancer predisposition and are targets of specific therapies such as platinum salts and innovative PARP inhibitors. The study also envisaged the creation of patient PDAC xenografts (PDX) as a model for primary cancers in molecular stratification and drug validation. Materials and methods: 100 PDAC and matched PDXs were analysed using targeted next generation sequencing to investigate variants in the genes commonly altered in PDAC and in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway genes.Results: KRAS was mutated in 96% of cases; TP53 in (66%), SMAD4 in 16%, and CDKN2A in 13%. Pathogenic HR mutations were found in 13% of cases: ATM (1%), BARD1 (1%), BRCA1 (1%), BRCA2 (8%), REV3L (1%), and STK11 (1%). These mutations were mutually exclusive. All but those in STK11 and REV3L were germ-line. An additional 13% of cases had variants of unknown significance (VUS) in genes of this pathway. Concordance between PDAC and PDX was found in 94% of cases.Conclusion: The finding of a significant PDAC subgroup (13%) with germ-line HR gene mutations identifies a group of patients that could profit from existing and novel target therapies as well as screening programs for family members. This study also identifies VUS that may be tested for potential response to therapy availing of the in vivo PDX avatars developed herein. PDX in fact, represent a valuable model that faithfully recapitulates the main genetic feature of primary diseases that may be used for novel diagnostics to predict drug responses as well as enable identification of effective therapeutic schemes.
Homologous recombination DNA repair gene alterations identify a subset of pancreatic cancers potentially responding to platinum based therapy
LAWLOR, Rita Teresa
2016-01-01
Abstract
Background: The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) whole genome sequencing effort identified an average of 26 mutations per pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). KRAS mutations are the hallmark, followed by TP53, SMAD4 and CDKN2A inactivation. A dominating tail of decreasingly mutated genes follows, but individual pathogenic gene alterations aggregate into ten core molecular pathways, one of which is the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair genes pathway. Aim: Within this framework, the aim of this thesis is to avail of ICGC data and focus on the HR DNA damage repair pathway, as genes in this pathway are involved in cancer predisposition and are targets of specific therapies such as platinum salts and innovative PARP inhibitors. The study also envisaged the creation of patient PDAC xenografts (PDX) as a model for primary cancers in molecular stratification and drug validation. Materials and methods: 100 PDAC and matched PDXs were analysed using targeted next generation sequencing to investigate variants in the genes commonly altered in PDAC and in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway genes.Results: KRAS was mutated in 96% of cases; TP53 in (66%), SMAD4 in 16%, and CDKN2A in 13%. Pathogenic HR mutations were found in 13% of cases: ATM (1%), BARD1 (1%), BRCA1 (1%), BRCA2 (8%), REV3L (1%), and STK11 (1%). These mutations were mutually exclusive. All but those in STK11 and REV3L were germ-line. An additional 13% of cases had variants of unknown significance (VUS) in genes of this pathway. Concordance between PDAC and PDX was found in 94% of cases.Conclusion: The finding of a significant PDAC subgroup (13%) with germ-line HR gene mutations identifies a group of patients that could profit from existing and novel target therapies as well as screening programs for family members. This study also identifies VUS that may be tested for potential response to therapy availing of the in vivo PDX avatars developed herein. PDX in fact, represent a valuable model that faithfully recapitulates the main genetic feature of primary diseases that may be used for novel diagnostics to predict drug responses as well as enable identification of effective therapeutic schemes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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thesis THE FINAL RTL low res.pdf
Open Access dal 01/10/2016
Descrizione: Main Thesis document
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