Complexiteit ontward: een veelzijdige analyse van de wisselwerking tussen kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid vanuit longitudinaal perspectief De arbeidsmarkt is in de nasleep van de coronapandemie een fase van ongekende evolutie ingegaan, aangedreven door wereldwijde economische herstelinspanningen. Terwijl bepaalde sectoren een opleving hebben gekend, blijven andere worstelen met voortdurende uitdagingen en onzekerheden. Als reactie op deze veranderde omstandigheden passen organisaties zich aan door telewerk als gangbare praktijk te omarmen. Bovendien leiden de ontwikkelingen op het gebied van digitale transformatie en automatisering (bijv. de opkomst van AI) tot snelle verschuivingen in functies en vaardigheidseisen. Als gevolg hiervan werd de arbeidsmarkt steeds volatieler, wat leidt tot een verhoogde perceptie van zowel kwantitatieve (d.w.z. de waargenomen dreiging van jobverlies) als kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid (d.w.z. de waargenomen dreiging van het verliezen van gewaardeerde werkkenmerken). Ondanks de bekendheid met het fenomeen jobonzekerheid, is er schaarste aan onderzoek naar de relatie tussen deze twee dimensies. Het doel van dit proefschrift is tweeledig. Ten eerste passen we een theoretisch kader toe om de relatie tussen kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid te verhelderen. Ten tweede maken we gebruik van de nieuwste data-analysemethoden en statistische inferentietechnieken om veelvoorkomende methodologische barrières in arbeids- en organisatiepsychologisch onderzoek te overwinnen. Dit tweede doel wordt bereikt via drie doelstellingen: 1) het uitvoeren van een longitudinale analyse om de associaties tussen beide dimensies in de tijd te onderzoeken, 2) het onderscheiden van binnen-persoon en tussen-persoon effecten, en 3) het toepassen van zowel variabele- als persoonsgerichte benaderingen. We voerden drie empirische studies uit en gebruikten twee longitudinale datasets, verzameld onder de Belgische bevolking. De eerste dataset, die werd gebruikt in studies 1 en 3, is een paneldatabase met drie meetgolven, verzameld bij 2355 Vlaamse werknemers in 2017/2018. De tweede dataset, die werd gebruikt in studie 2, is een paneldatabase met drie meetgolven, verzameld bij 4981 Vlaamse en Waalse werknemers in 2013/2014. In de eerste studie voerden we een cross-lagged panelmodelstudie uit om de temporele stabiliteit van en de vertraagde effecten tussen kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid te schatten. Onze bevindingen toonden aan dat kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid relatief stabiel zijn op populatieniveau. Bovendien vonden we dat kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid positief geassocieerd was met kwantitatieve jobonzekerheid zes maanden later. In de tweede studie hebben we, voorafgaand aan de analyse van autoregressieve en cross-lagged effecten, de effecten tussen personen en binnen personen uitgesplitst. We ontdekten dat meer dan 60% van de variatie in kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid te wijten is aan individuele verschillen (variantie tussen personen). We gebruikten een random-intercept cross-lagged panelmodel om te controleren voor de variantie tussen personen bij het onderzoeken van de relatie op persoonsniveau. De resultaten gaven aan dat, wanneer gecontroleerd werd voor variantie tussen personen, de intra-individuele autoregressieve paden significant waren (echter zwakker dan in studie 1) voor kwantitatieve jobonzekerheid, maar niet voor kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid. Daarnaast vonden we, in vergelijking met studie 1, een omgekeerde relatie tussen kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid. De resultaten gaven aan dat een werknemer die een hoger dan gebruikelijke bedreiging voor baanverlies percipieert (d.w.z. kwantitatieve jobonzekerheid), een grotere kans heeft om zes maanden later een hoger dan gebruikelijke bedreiging voor werkkenmerken te percipiëren (d.w.z. kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid). In studie 3 gebruikten we een persoonsbenadering en voerden we een latente-klassengroeianalyse uit om parallelle trajecten voor kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid te onderzoeken. We vonden vijf verschillende klassen van jobonzekerheidstrajecten die varieerden in hun basisniveau en vorm van ervaren jobonzekerheid. Terwijl in vier van de vijf trajecten werknemers vergelijkbare basisniveaus van beide dimensies ervoeren (hoog, gemiddeld, laag), ervoer een vijfde van de steekproef (≈20%) een hoge bedreiging van hun werkkenmerken (d.w.z. hoge kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid), gecombineerd met zekerheid over het behoud van hun baan als geheel (d.w.z. lage kwantitatieve jobonzekerheid). Kortom, onze resultaten tonen de complexiteit aan van zowel kwantitatieve als kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid als van hun onderlinge afhankelijkheid. Hoewel we geen bewijs vonden voor een wederkerige relatie, suggereren de resultaten dat de relatie tussen kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid zich in beide richtingen voordoet. Al met al bevestigt dit project de relevantie van het gebruik van longitudinale designs, een persoonsgerichte benadering en de binnen-persoonsanalyse in de arbeids- en organisatiepsychologie, gegeven de inzichten die zijn verkregen met betrekking tot de ontwikkeling en onderlinge afhankelijkheid van twee vaak voorkomende psychosociale werkstressoren - kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve jobonzekerheid.
Untangling the Complexity: A Diversified Approach to Longitudinal Analysis of the Interplay between Quantitative and Qualitative Job Insecurity. In the aftermath of the pandemic, the labour market has entered a phase of unprecedented evolution driven by global economic recovery efforts. While certain sectors have witnessed a rebound, others continue to grapple with ongoing challenges and uncertainties. In response to changing circumstances, organisations embrace remote work as a prevalent practice. Furthermore, advancements in digital transformation and automation (e.g., the rise of AI) result in rapid job roles and skill requirements shifts. Consequently, the labour market has become increasingly volatile, leading to heightened perceptions of both quantitative (i.e., the perceived threat of job loss) and qualitative job insecurity (i.e., the perceived threat of losing valued job features). Despite the familiarity with job insecurity, there remains a paucity of research designed to understand the relationship between these two dimensions. This dissertation’s aim is twofold. First, we apply a theoretical framework to elucidate the relationship between quantitative and qualitative job insecurity. Second, we employ the latest data analysis methods and statistical inference techniques to overcome common methodological barriers in work and organisational psychology research. Specifically, we address the second aim guided by three objectives: 1) conducting a longitudinal analysis to examine the associations between these dimensions over time, 2) distinguishing within-person and between-person effects, and 3) employing variable and person-centered approaches. We conducted three empirical studies and used two longitudinal datasets from the Belgian population. The first dataset— used in studies 1 and 3— is a three-wave panel data gathered among 2355 Flemish employees between 2017/2018. The second dataset— used in Study 2— is a three-wave panel data gathered among 4981 Flemish and Walloon employees between 2013/2014. In the first study, we conducted a cross-lagged panel model to estimate the temporal stability and lagged effects between quantitative and qualitative job insecurity. Our findings showed significant and stable carry-over effects (autoregressive process) for quantitative and qualitative job insecurity, which indicates that job insecurity is relatively stable at the population level. Furthermore, we found that qualitative job insecurity was positively associated with quantitative job insecurity six months later. In the second study, we disaggregated the between-person and within-person effects before analysing autoregressive and cross-lagged effects. We found that over 60% of the quantitative and qualitative job insecurity variation is due to individual differences (between-person variance). We employed a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model to control for the between-person variance when exploring the relationship at the within-person level. The results indicated that, when controlling for between-person variance, the intraindividual autoregressive paths were significant (however, weaker than in study 1) for quantitative but not qualitative job insecurity. In addition, compared to Study 1, we found a reverse relationship between quantitative and qualitative job insecurity. The results indicated that an employee who experiences a higher-than-usual threat to job loss (i.e., quantitative job insecurity) is more likely to experience a higher-than-usual threat to job characteristics (i.e., qualitative job insecurity) six months later. In study 3, we used a person-centered approach and analysed latent class growth to investigate parallel trajectories for quantitative and qualitative job insecurity. We found five distinct classes of job insecurity trajectories that varied in their base level and shape of experienced job insecurity. Whereas in four out of five trajectories, employees experienced similar base levels of both dimensions (high, moderate, low), a fifth of the sample (≈20%) experienced a high threat to job characteristics (i.e., high qualitative job insecurity) while simultaneously feeling secure about keeping their job (i.e., low quantitative job insecurity). In sum, our results demonstrate the complexity of both quantitative and qualitative job insecurity and the processes of the interdependency between the two dimensions of job insecurity. Although we found no evidence for a reciprocal relationship, the results suggest that the relationship between quantitative job insecurity occurs in both directions. Altogether, this project corroborates employing longitudinal designs, a person-centered approach, and within-person analysis in work and organisational psychology, considering the extensive insights gained regarding the development and interdependence of the two prevalent psychosocial work stressors— quantitative and qualitative job insecurity.
Svelare la Complessità: Un Approccio Diversificato all'Analisi Longitudinale dell'Intreccio tra Incertezza Quantitativa e Qualitativa sul Lavoro. Il mercato del lavoro, nel periodo successivo alla pandemia, è entrato in una fase di evoluzione senza precedenti, guidata dagli sforzi globali di ripresa economica. Mentre alcuni settori hanno assistito a una ripresa, altri continuano a confrontarsi con sfide e incertezze in corso. In risposta a circostanze mutevoli, le organizzazioni si adattano abbracciando il lavoro remoto come pratica prevalente. Inoltre, gli sviluppi nella trasformazione digitale e nell'automazione (ad esempio, la diffusione dell'IA) provocano cambiamenti rapidi nei ruoli lavorativi e nei requisiti di competenza. Di conseguenza, il mercato del lavoro è diventato sempre più volatile, portando a percezioni accentuate sia di incertezza quantitativa (cioè la minaccia percepita di perdere il lavoro) che di incertezza qualitativa sul lavoro (cioè la minaccia percepita di perdere caratteristiche lavorative apprezzate). Nonostante la familiarità con l'insicurezza lavorativa, persiste una carenza di ricerca volta a comprendere la relazione tra queste due dimensioni. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è duplice. In primo luogo, applichiamo un quadro teorico per chiarire la relazione tra l'insicurezza quantitativa e qualitativa sul lavoro. In secondo luogo, utilizziamo gli ultimi metodi di analisi dati e tecniche di inferenza statistica per superare le comuni barriere metodologiche nella ricerca in psicologia del lavoro e organizzativa. In particolare, affrontiamo il secondo obiettivo seguendo tre obiettivi: 1) condurre un'analisi longitudinale per esaminare le associazioni tra queste dimensioni nel tempo, 2) distinguere gli effetti intra e interpersonali, e 3) utilizzare approcci sia centrati sulla variabile che centrati sulla persona. Abbiamo condotto tre studi empirici e utilizzato due set di dati longitudinali raccolti nella popolazione belga. Il primo set di dati, utilizzato negli studi 1 e 3, è un panel di tre onde raccolto tra 2355 dipendenti fiamminghi tra il 2017 e il 2018. Il secondo set di dati, utilizzato nello Studio 2, è un panel di tre onde raccolto tra 4981 dipendenti fiamminghi e valloni tra il 2013 e il 2014. Nel primo studio, abbiamo condotto un modello di pannellaggio cross-lagged per stimare la stabilità temporale e gli effetti ritardati tra l'insicurezza quantitativa e qualitativa sul lavoro. I nostri risultati hanno mostrato significativi e stabili effetti di trasferimento (processo autoregressivo) per l'insicurezza quantitativa e qualitativa sul lavoro, indicando che l'insicurezza sul lavoro è relativamente stabile a livello di popolazione. Inoltre, abbiamo scoperto che l'insicurezza qualitativa sul lavoro era positivamente associata all'insicurezza quantitativa sei mesi dopo. Nel secondo studio, prima di analizzare gli effetti autoregressivi e cross-lagged, abbiamo scomposto gli effetti intra e interpersonali. Abbiamo scoperto che oltre il 60% della variazione nell'insicurezza quantitativa e qualitativa sul lavoro è dovuto a differenze individuali (varianza interpersonale). Abbiamo utilizzato un modello di pannellaggio cross-lagged con effetto casuale per controllare la varianza interpersonale nell'esplorare la relazione a livello intra-individuale. I risultati hanno indicato che, controllando la varianza interpersonale, i percorsi autoregressivi intra-individuali erano significativi (sebbene più deboli rispetto allo studio 1) per l'insicurezza quantitativa ma non per quella qualitativa sul lavoro. Inoltre, rispetto allo Studio 1, abbiamo trovato una relazione inversa tra l'insicurezza quantitativa e quella qualitativa sul lavoro. I risultati hanno indicato che un dipendente che vive una minaccia maggiore del solito di perdere il lavoro (cioè l'insicurezza quantitativa sul lavoro) è più probabile vivere una minaccia maggiore del solito alle caratteristiche lavorative (cioè l'insicurezza qualitativa sul lavoro) sei mesi dopo. Nel terzo studio, abbiamo utilizzato un approccio centrato sulla persona e condotto un'analisi di crescita latente di classe per indagare traiettorie parallele per l'insicurezza quantitativa e qualitativa sul lavoro. Abbiamo identificato cinque classi distinte di traiettorie di insicurezza sul lavoro che variavano nel loro livello base e nella forma dell'insicurezza sul lavoro sperimentata. Mentre in quattro delle cinque traiettorie i dipendenti hanno sperimentato livelli di base simili per entrambe le dimensioni (alti, moderati, bassi), un quinto del campione (≈20%) ha vissuto una minaccia elevata alle caratteristiche lavorative (cioè un'insicurezza qualitativa sul lavoro elevata) e contemporaneamente si sentiva sicuro di conservare il proprio lavoro (cioè un'insicurezza quantitativa sul lavoro bassa). In sintesi, i nostri risultati dimostrano la complessità sia dell'insicurezza quantitativa che di quella qualitativa sul lavoro e i processi di interdipendenza tra le due dimensioni di insicurezza sul lavoro. Nonostante non abbiamo trovato prove di una relazione reciproca, i risultati suggeriscono che la relazione con l'insicurezza quantitativa sul lavoro avviene in entrambe le direzioni. In definitiva, questo progetto corrobora l'uso di progetti longitudinali, un approccio centrato sulla persona e un'analisi intra-individuale in psicologia del lavoro e organizzativa, considerando gli approfondimenti estesi ottenuti riguardo allo sviluppo e all'interdipendenza dei due preponderanti stress psicosociali sul lavoro: l'insicurezza quantitativa e qualitativa sul lavoro.
Untangling the Complexity: A Diversified Approach to Longitudinal Analysis of the Interplay between Quantitative and Qualitative Job Insecurity
Nawrocka
;
2024-01-01
Abstract
Untangling the Complexity: A Diversified Approach to Longitudinal Analysis of the Interplay between Quantitative and Qualitative Job Insecurity. In the aftermath of the pandemic, the labour market has entered a phase of unprecedented evolution driven by global economic recovery efforts. While certain sectors have witnessed a rebound, others continue to grapple with ongoing challenges and uncertainties. In response to changing circumstances, organisations embrace remote work as a prevalent practice. Furthermore, advancements in digital transformation and automation (e.g., the rise of AI) result in rapid job roles and skill requirements shifts. Consequently, the labour market has become increasingly volatile, leading to heightened perceptions of both quantitative (i.e., the perceived threat of job loss) and qualitative job insecurity (i.e., the perceived threat of losing valued job features). Despite the familiarity with job insecurity, there remains a paucity of research designed to understand the relationship between these two dimensions. This dissertation’s aim is twofold. First, we apply a theoretical framework to elucidate the relationship between quantitative and qualitative job insecurity. Second, we employ the latest data analysis methods and statistical inference techniques to overcome common methodological barriers in work and organisational psychology research. Specifically, we address the second aim guided by three objectives: 1) conducting a longitudinal analysis to examine the associations between these dimensions over time, 2) distinguishing within-person and between-person effects, and 3) employing variable and person-centered approaches. We conducted three empirical studies and used two longitudinal datasets from the Belgian population. The first dataset— used in studies 1 and 3— is a three-wave panel data gathered among 2355 Flemish employees between 2017/2018. The second dataset— used in Study 2— is a three-wave panel data gathered among 4981 Flemish and Walloon employees between 2013/2014. In the first study, we conducted a cross-lagged panel model to estimate the temporal stability and lagged effects between quantitative and qualitative job insecurity. Our findings showed significant and stable carry-over effects (autoregressive process) for quantitative and qualitative job insecurity, which indicates that job insecurity is relatively stable at the population level. Furthermore, we found that qualitative job insecurity was positively associated with quantitative job insecurity six months later. In the second study, we disaggregated the between-person and within-person effects before analysing autoregressive and cross-lagged effects. We found that over 60% of the quantitative and qualitative job insecurity variation is due to individual differences (between-person variance). We employed a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model to control for the between-person variance when exploring the relationship at the within-person level. The results indicated that, when controlling for between-person variance, the intraindividual autoregressive paths were significant (however, weaker than in study 1) for quantitative but not qualitative job insecurity. In addition, compared to Study 1, we found a reverse relationship between quantitative and qualitative job insecurity. The results indicated that an employee who experiences a higher-than-usual threat to job loss (i.e., quantitative job insecurity) is more likely to experience a higher-than-usual threat to job characteristics (i.e., qualitative job insecurity) six months later. In study 3, we used a person-centered approach and analysed latent class growth to investigate parallel trajectories for quantitative and qualitative job insecurity. We found five distinct classes of job insecurity trajectories that varied in their base level and shape of experienced job insecurity. Whereas in four out of five trajectories, employees experienced similar base levels of both dimensions (high, moderate, low), a fifth of the sample (≈20%) experienced a high threat to job characteristics (i.e., high qualitative job insecurity) while simultaneously feeling secure about keeping their job (i.e., low quantitative job insecurity). In sum, our results demonstrate the complexity of both quantitative and qualitative job insecurity and the processes of the interdependency between the two dimensions of job insecurity. Although we found no evidence for a reciprocal relationship, the results suggest that the relationship between quantitative job insecurity occurs in both directions. Altogether, this project corroborates employing longitudinal designs, a person-centered approach, and within-person analysis in work and organisational psychology, considering the extensive insights gained regarding the development and interdependence of the two prevalent psychosocial work stressors— quantitative and qualitative job insecurity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Sonia_Nawrocka.doctoral thesis.pdf
accesso aperto
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Licenza:
Creative commons
Dimensione
2.07 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.07 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.