Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare subtype of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) characterized by a heterogeneous clinical outcome. The interpatient variability is due to several genetic and molecular mechanisms that involve different pathways. Among them, the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling is a driving event in development of MCL. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key protein of the BCR downstream signaling. The BTK inhibitor (BTKi) ibrutinib has been approved for relapsed MCL, with a good response rate. However, resistance inevitably emerges and MCL is still considered an incurable disease. In this study, we investigated the BCR activation status at basal level and after stimulation in MCL and healthy donor (HD) samples using phospho-specific flow cytometry combined with fluorescent cell barcoding. Nine BCR phosphoproteins, namely SYK, LCK, BTK, PLCg2, p38, ERK 1/2, AKT, NF-kB p65 and STAT5, were analyzed. Basal activation level, despite the high interpatient heterogeneity of pBTK, pPLCg2 and pSTAT5, did not allow stratifying MCL patients and no differences were found between MCL and HD. Upon stimulation with anti-IgM, phosphoprotein responses were heterogeneous across MCL samples. All the phosphoproteins were significantly activated compared to the basal level, with the exception of STAT5. Moreover, unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) of the phosphorylation readouts upon BCR engagement revealed two main clusters, the high responder (HR) BCR and the low responder (LR) BCR clusters. Interestingly, only the LR cluster comprised the HD. More importantly, the BCR activation profiles associate with a divergent clinical outcome, as the HR MCL had shorter progression free survival and overall survival than the LR MCL, suggesting that the BCR engagement could have a role in disease behavior and progression. Moreover, refractory patients to ibrutinib therapy had higher basal level of pAKT compared to sensitive patients to ibrutinib. This study shows that phospho-specific flow cytometry combined with FCB is a robust approach to deepen the role of BCR signaling, reducing antibodies consumption and needed number of cells. Furthermore, individual differences in BCR downstream signaling upon BCR engagement reflect divergent clinical outcome, highlighting the prognostic significance of BCR activity in MCL. In conclusion, this study shows that higher responsiveness of BCR-signaling proteins was associated with poor clinical outcomes and signal profiles distinguished patients with indolent disease from those with a poor clinical course and refractory to new targeted therapy. Remarkably, our study shows that phospho-signaling analysis can be used to create a network map of cell signaling and to link specific signaling profiles with clinical outcomes. Moreover, these data support the pathogenic role and clinical relevance of microenvironment signals, highlighting the prominent role of BCR signaling in MCL physiopathology.
Il linfoma a cellule del mantello (dall’inglese Mantle cell lymphoma - MCL) è un sottotipo raro di linfoma non Hodgkin (LNH), caratterizzato da un esito clinico eterogeneo. La variabilità fra pazienti è dovuta a diversi meccanismi genetici e molecolari che coinvolgono diverse pathways cellulari. Fra queste, la via di trasduzione del segnale del recettore delle cellule B (BCR) è fondamentale per lo sviluppo di MCL. La tirosin-chinasi di Bruton (BTK) è una proteina chiave della segnalazione del BCR. L'inibitore di BTK (BTKi) ibrutinib è stato approvato per il trattamento delle forme recidivanti di MCL, mostrando una buona efficacia. Tuttavia, la resistenza inevitabilmente si sviluppa e MCL rimane una malattia incurabile. In questo studio, abbiamo analizzato lo stato di attivazione del BCR a livello basale e dopo stimolazione in campioni di MCL e donatori sani (dall’inglese healthy donors - HD) utilizzando la citometria a flusso fosfo-specifica combinata con il fluorescent cell barcoding. Sono state analizzate 9 fosfoproteine a valle del BCR, ossia SYK, LCK, BTK, PLCg2, p38, ERK 1/2, AKT, NF-kB p65 e STAT5. Il livello di attivazione basale, nonostante l'elevata eterogeneità fra i pazienti di pBTK, pPLCg2 e pSTAT5, non ha consentito di stratificare i pazienti e non sono state riscontrate differenze tra MCL e HD. Al contrario, i nostri dati mostrano che dopo stimolazione con anti-IgM, le risposte delle fosfoproteine in termini di attivazione sono eterogenee tra i campioni MCL e tutte le fosfoproteine sono significativamente attivate rispetto al livello basale, ad eccezione di STAT5. Inoltre, un’analisi di unsupervised hierarchical clustering (HCA) dello stato di fosforilazione dopo attivazione del BCR ha rivelato due cluster principali, il gruppo high responder (HR) BCR e il gruppo low responder (LR) BCR. Analisi di associazione con la progressione della malattia ha mostrato che questi differenti profili di attivazione del BCR in seguito a stimolo con anti-IgM associano con un andamento clinico divergente, considerato che gli HR hanno una progression-free survival e una overall survival più corte rispetto ai pazienti LR, suggerendo che l’attivazione del BCR potrebbe avere un ruolo nell’andamento e progressione della malattia. Infine, i nostri dati mostrano che i pazienti refrattari alla terapia con ibrutinib hanno un livello basale più elevato di pAKT rispetto ai pazienti sensibili a ibrutinib. Questo studio sostiene che la citometria a flusso fosfo-specifica combinata con FCB è un approccio robusto per approfondire il ruolo della segnalazione del BCR, riducendo il consumo di anticorpi e il numero di cellule necessario a condurre studi funzionali di attivazione delle vie di trasduzione del segnale. Inoltre, le differenze individuali nella segnalazione indotta del BCR riflettono andamenti clinici divergenti, evidenziando il significato prognostico dell’attività del BCR in MCL. In conclusione, questo studio conferma che una maggiore responsività delle proteine della via di trasduzione del BCR associa a un andamento aggressivo della malattia. Inoltre, i profili di segnalazione distinguono i pazienti con malattia indolente da quelli con un decorso clinico sfavorevole e refrattari alla terapia mirata, suggerendo come l'analisi delle fosfoproteine della via di trasduzione del BCR può essere utilizzata per creare una mappa della rete di segnalazione cellulare e associare specifici profili di segnalazione con specifici andamenti clinici. Infine, questi dati suggeriscono come i segnali del microambiente siano di rilevanza clinica e abbiano un ruolo importante nella patogenesi di MCL, evidenziando il ruolo preminente della segnalazione BCR nella fisiopatologia di MCL.
B-cell receptor responsiveness associates with clinical outcome in mantle cell lymphoma: results from single-cell profiling studies
Gambino Simona
2023-01-01
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare subtype of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) characterized by a heterogeneous clinical outcome. The interpatient variability is due to several genetic and molecular mechanisms that involve different pathways. Among them, the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling is a driving event in development of MCL. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key protein of the BCR downstream signaling. The BTK inhibitor (BTKi) ibrutinib has been approved for relapsed MCL, with a good response rate. However, resistance inevitably emerges and MCL is still considered an incurable disease. In this study, we investigated the BCR activation status at basal level and after stimulation in MCL and healthy donor (HD) samples using phospho-specific flow cytometry combined with fluorescent cell barcoding. Nine BCR phosphoproteins, namely SYK, LCK, BTK, PLCg2, p38, ERK 1/2, AKT, NF-kB p65 and STAT5, were analyzed. Basal activation level, despite the high interpatient heterogeneity of pBTK, pPLCg2 and pSTAT5, did not allow stratifying MCL patients and no differences were found between MCL and HD. Upon stimulation with anti-IgM, phosphoprotein responses were heterogeneous across MCL samples. All the phosphoproteins were significantly activated compared to the basal level, with the exception of STAT5. Moreover, unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) of the phosphorylation readouts upon BCR engagement revealed two main clusters, the high responder (HR) BCR and the low responder (LR) BCR clusters. Interestingly, only the LR cluster comprised the HD. More importantly, the BCR activation profiles associate with a divergent clinical outcome, as the HR MCL had shorter progression free survival and overall survival than the LR MCL, suggesting that the BCR engagement could have a role in disease behavior and progression. Moreover, refractory patients to ibrutinib therapy had higher basal level of pAKT compared to sensitive patients to ibrutinib. This study shows that phospho-specific flow cytometry combined with FCB is a robust approach to deepen the role of BCR signaling, reducing antibodies consumption and needed number of cells. Furthermore, individual differences in BCR downstream signaling upon BCR engagement reflect divergent clinical outcome, highlighting the prognostic significance of BCR activity in MCL. In conclusion, this study shows that higher responsiveness of BCR-signaling proteins was associated with poor clinical outcomes and signal profiles distinguished patients with indolent disease from those with a poor clinical course and refractory to new targeted therapy. Remarkably, our study shows that phospho-signaling analysis can be used to create a network map of cell signaling and to link specific signaling profiles with clinical outcomes. Moreover, these data support the pathogenic role and clinical relevance of microenvironment signals, highlighting the prominent role of BCR signaling in MCL physiopathology.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD thesis - Simona Gambino.pdf
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