Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder that is associated with a wide range of symptoms, including motor and non-motor manifestations. Cognitive disorders and impulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICBs) are common non-motor complications of PD. Cognitive disorders in PD span from subjective cognitive impairment to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. With a collective estimated prevalence of 30-40% over the course of the disease, cognitive disorders and ICBs add complexity to the burden of PD and its management. Executive dysfunction is a prominent feature of cognitive impairment in PD. Impaired incentive-driven decision-making, which is supposed to underlie ICBs, has been frequently reported in patients with PD, both in the very early and advanced stages of the disease. Taken together, these data suggest a possible shared pathogenesis between MCI and ICBs in PD. Despite the raising awareness on these non-motor symptoms, early recognition and management of MCI and ICBs represent major clinical issues in PD. No conclusive results have been reported thus far, neither in terms of validated biomarkers, nor of optimal treatment strategies. The works included in this thesis offer new data to the existent body of knowledge on clinical, instrumental biomarkers and therapeutical options for MCI and ICBs in PD. Pain (chapter 3) and chemosensory alterations (chapter 4) may be sensitive, non-invasive and easy-to-assess clinical diagnostic biomarkers of ICBs and PD- MCI, respectively. Behavioral and neurophysiological biomarkers of negative feedback processing in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task were found not to be reliable biomarkers for PD-ICBs (chapter 5). Interesting potential therapeutic pharmacological (i.e., D2/D3 receptor agonists) and non-pharmacological (i.e., non-invasive brain stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) options may be tested for the treatment of PD-MCI and ICBs (chapter 6) and use of biomarkers may help stratifying patients to optimize the outcome. Future studies should assess the potential susceptibility, diagnostic, prognostic, and response value of the abovementioned biomarkers in larger cohorts including PD patients at different disease stages. Moreover, the combination of multiple biomarkers according to a system biology perspective may provide complementary information. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-/sham-controlled clinical trials based on pathophysiological plausible targets are required to collect more robust evidence. These measures may contribute to address, at least partially, diagnostic and management unmet needs of these challenging PD non-motor symptoms.
La malattia di Parkinson è un disturbo neurodegenerativo del movimento associato ad un’ampia gamma di sintomi, tra cui manifestazioni motorie e non motorie. I disturbi cognitivi e del controllo degli impulsi sono complicanze non motorie comuni della malattia. I disturbi cognitivi nella malattia di Parkinson vanno dal disturbo cognitivo soggettivo al deterioramento cognitivo lieve e alla demenza. Con una prevalenza complessiva stimata del 30-40% nel corso della malattia, i disturbi cognitivi e del controllo degli impulsi aggiungono un’ulteriore complessità al carico determinato dalla malattia di Parkinson e alla sua gestione. La disfunzione esecutiva è una delle caratteristiche principali del deterioramento cognitivo nella malattia di Parkinson. L’alterazione dei processi decisionali in contesti incentivanti, che si suppone essere alla base del disturbo del controllo degli impulsi, è frequente nei pazienti con malattia di Parkinson, sia nelle fasi iniziali che in quelle avanzate di malattia. Nel complesso, questi dati suggeriscono una possibile patogenesi comune tra deterioramento cognitivo lieve e disturbo del controllo degli impulsi nella malattia di Parkinson. Nonostante la crescente sensibilizzazione verso questi sintomi non motori, il riconoscimento precoce e la gestione del deterioramento cognitivo lieve e del disturbo del controllo degli impulsi rappresentano problematiche cliniche di primaria importanza nella malattia di Parkinson. Finora non sono stati ottenuti risultati conclusivi, né in termini di biomarcatori validati, né di strategie ottimali di trattamento. I lavori inclusi in questa tesi offrono nuovi dati al corpus di conoscenze attuali sui biomarcatori clinici, strumentali e sulle opzioni terapeutiche per il deterioramento cognitivo lieve e il disturbo del controllo degli impulsi nella malattia di Parkinson. Il dolore (capitolo 3) e le alterazioni chemosensoriali (capitolo 4) potrebbero essere biomarcatori diagnostici clinici sensibili, non invasivi e semplici da valutare, rispettivamente, del disturbo del controllo degli impulsi e del deterioramento cognitivo lieve. I biomarcatori comportamentali e neurofisiologici dell’elaborazione del feedback negativo nel Balloon Analogue Risk Task non sembrano un biomarcatore affidabile del disturbo del controllo degli impulsi nella malattia di Parkinson (capitolo 5). Interessanti opzioni terapeutiche farmacologiche (i.e., agonisti dei recettori D2/D3) e non-farmacologiche (i.e., stimolazione cerebrale non invasiva della corteccia dorsolaterale prefrontale) potrebbero essere prese in considerazione e testate per il trattamento del deterioramento cognitivo lieve e del disturbo del controllo degli impulsi nella malattia di Parkinson (capitolo 6) e l’uso dei biomarcatori potrebbe essere utile per stratificare i pazienti nell’ottica di ottimizzare l’esito del trattamento. Gli studi futuri dovrebbero valutare il potenziale valore di biomarcatori di suscettibilità, diagnostici, prognostici e di risposta al trattamento in coorti sufficientemente ampie che includano pazienti in diversi stadi della malattia di Parkinson. Inoltre, la combinazione di più biomarcatori secondo una prospettiva di system biology potrebbe fornire informazioni complementari. Sono inoltre necessari studi clinici randomizzati, in doppio-cieco, controllati con placebo o condizione sham, basati su target fisiopatologicamente plausibili, per ottenere evidenze più solide. Queste misure potrebbero contribuire a rispondere, quantomeno in misura parziale, alle esigenze diagnostiche e gestionali determinate dalla complessità dei sopracitati sintomi non-motori della malattia di Parkinson.
Cognitive disorders and impulsive-compulsive behaviors in Parkinson’s disease: clinical, instrumental biomarkers and therapeutical perspectives
Mantovani Elisa
2023-01-01
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder that is associated with a wide range of symptoms, including motor and non-motor manifestations. Cognitive disorders and impulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICBs) are common non-motor complications of PD. Cognitive disorders in PD span from subjective cognitive impairment to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. With a collective estimated prevalence of 30-40% over the course of the disease, cognitive disorders and ICBs add complexity to the burden of PD and its management. Executive dysfunction is a prominent feature of cognitive impairment in PD. Impaired incentive-driven decision-making, which is supposed to underlie ICBs, has been frequently reported in patients with PD, both in the very early and advanced stages of the disease. Taken together, these data suggest a possible shared pathogenesis between MCI and ICBs in PD. Despite the raising awareness on these non-motor symptoms, early recognition and management of MCI and ICBs represent major clinical issues in PD. No conclusive results have been reported thus far, neither in terms of validated biomarkers, nor of optimal treatment strategies. The works included in this thesis offer new data to the existent body of knowledge on clinical, instrumental biomarkers and therapeutical options for MCI and ICBs in PD. Pain (chapter 3) and chemosensory alterations (chapter 4) may be sensitive, non-invasive and easy-to-assess clinical diagnostic biomarkers of ICBs and PD- MCI, respectively. Behavioral and neurophysiological biomarkers of negative feedback processing in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task were found not to be reliable biomarkers for PD-ICBs (chapter 5). Interesting potential therapeutic pharmacological (i.e., D2/D3 receptor agonists) and non-pharmacological (i.e., non-invasive brain stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) options may be tested for the treatment of PD-MCI and ICBs (chapter 6) and use of biomarkers may help stratifying patients to optimize the outcome. Future studies should assess the potential susceptibility, diagnostic, prognostic, and response value of the abovementioned biomarkers in larger cohorts including PD patients at different disease stages. Moreover, the combination of multiple biomarkers according to a system biology perspective may provide complementary information. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-/sham-controlled clinical trials based on pathophysiological plausible targets are required to collect more robust evidence. These measures may contribute to address, at least partially, diagnostic and management unmet needs of these challenging PD non-motor symptoms.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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