Background: Insulin resistance occurs when the response of cells to insulin is decreased hence causing blood sugar levels to rise dramatically. Among others, the most common risk factors for insulin resistance include sedentary lifestyle, obesity, family history of diabetes and advanced age. In the last few decades, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity have increased dramatically in the general population contributing to an increase in morbidity and mortality around the world. Among others, the main mechanisms proposed for the action of insulin resistance include genetic variants, transcriptomic dysregulations, and epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to employ bioinformatic methods to genome-wide DNA methylation using the Infinium Human Methylation EPIC array (~850k CpGs) to study the epigenetic component of insulin resistance in a cohort of 186 obese pediatric individuals equally divided in two groups (insulin resistant/insulin sensitive). Results: Bioinformatic analysis of the genome-wide methylation data, suggests a strong modulation of cell type composition in insulin resistant subjects proposing a role of inflammation in this disease. Furthermore, differential methylation of single CpG or regions, coupled with gene set enrichment analysis highlighted several pathways involved with carbohydrates and fat metabolism. Additionally, associating differentially methylated probes with previously reported studies highlights additional factors that may be useful to consider when studying this condition. Conclusions: In conclusion, we employed different bioinformatics strategies applied to a large cohort of individuals to study genome-wide DNA methylation in IR, with results supporting the hypothesis that methylation is more related to general methylation landscape changes rather than methylation variations in a few loci.
Introduzione: L’insulino resistenza si presenta quando la risposta delle cellule all’insulina è diminuita causando un drammatico innalzamento dei livelli di zucchero nel sangue. I diversi fattori di rischio per l’insulino resistenza includono uno stile di vita sedentario, obesità, storia familiare di diabete e invecchiamento. Negli ultimi anni, il diabete di tipo 2, l’insulino resistenza e l’obesità sono considerevolmente aumentate nella popolazione contribuendo all’incremento in morbidità e mortalità nel mondo. I molti meccanismi proposti per spiegare il funzionamento dell’insulino resistenza includono varianti genetiche, deregolazioni trascrittomiche e modificazioni epigenetiche, come per esempio la metilazione del DNA. Scopo: L’obiettivo di questa tesi comprende l’utilizzo di metodologie bioinformatiche applicate allo studio della metilazione del DNA lungo tutto il genoma usando l’Infinium Human Methylation EPIC array (~850k CpGs) per studiare la componente epigenetica dell’insulino resistenza in una coorte di 186 soggetti pediatrici obesi, uniformemente divisi in due gruppi (insulino resistenti/insulino sensibili). Risultati: L’analisi bioinformatica della metilazione a livello genomico, suggerisce una forte modulazione della composizione in termini di tipi cellulari nei soggetti insulino resistenti, suggerendo un possibile ruolo dell’infiammazione nella malattia. Inoltre, l’analisi della metilazione differenziale su singoli CpG o regioni, accompagnata da un’analisi di “gene set enrichment”, mette in evidenza diverse vie collegate al metabolismo di carboidrati e grassi. In aggiunta, associando i probes differenzialmente metilati con risultati di studi riportati in letteratura, emergono ulteriori fattori che si potrebbero considerare durante lo studio di questa condizione. Conclusioni: In conclusione, abbiamo utilizzato diversi approcci bioinformatici applicandoli ad una numerosa coorte di individui per studiare la metilazione del DNA a livello genomico nel contesto dell’insulino resistenza, con risultati che supportano l’ipotesi che la metilazione sia più legata a cambiamenti globali piuttosto che cambiamenti localizzati in pochi loci.
GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION PROFILING OF OBESE INSULIN RESISTANT CHILDREN
Moron Dalla Tor
2021-01-01
Abstract
Background: Insulin resistance occurs when the response of cells to insulin is decreased hence causing blood sugar levels to rise dramatically. Among others, the most common risk factors for insulin resistance include sedentary lifestyle, obesity, family history of diabetes and advanced age. In the last few decades, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity have increased dramatically in the general population contributing to an increase in morbidity and mortality around the world. Among others, the main mechanisms proposed for the action of insulin resistance include genetic variants, transcriptomic dysregulations, and epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to employ bioinformatic methods to genome-wide DNA methylation using the Infinium Human Methylation EPIC array (~850k CpGs) to study the epigenetic component of insulin resistance in a cohort of 186 obese pediatric individuals equally divided in two groups (insulin resistant/insulin sensitive). Results: Bioinformatic analysis of the genome-wide methylation data, suggests a strong modulation of cell type composition in insulin resistant subjects proposing a role of inflammation in this disease. Furthermore, differential methylation of single CpG or regions, coupled with gene set enrichment analysis highlighted several pathways involved with carbohydrates and fat metabolism. Additionally, associating differentially methylated probes with previously reported studies highlights additional factors that may be useful to consider when studying this condition. Conclusions: In conclusion, we employed different bioinformatics strategies applied to a large cohort of individuals to study genome-wide DNA methylation in IR, with results supporting the hypothesis that methylation is more related to general methylation landscape changes rather than methylation variations in a few loci.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi_FINALE_REV_17GIU21_HIRES.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi di dottorato su Epigenomica e Insulino resistenza in soggetti pediatrici obesi
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Licenza:
Creative commons
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7.44 MB
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